Experimental Study on Liquefaction Characteristics of Saturated Sands Mixed with Fly Ash and Tire Crumb Rubber

The liquefaction of saturated sandy soils during dynamic loading can inflict excessive damage on the structures, leading to significant human and economic losses. Recycling reusing industrial waste materials may offer a sustainable solution this problem. This study investigates influence two materials, namely, recycled fly ash tire crumb rubber, characteristics sand. For purpose, loose medium-dense triaxial specimens were prepared using sand–fly mixtures containing 0–40% sand–tire rubber 0–30% rubber. examined through series stress-controlled, undrained, tests. tests conducted at 1 Hz frequency under initial effective confining stresses 50 100 kPa. experimental results showed that, similar relative density, resistance decreased as content (FA) increased up about 20%; then, it slightly until FA reached 40%. Sand-only greater than specimens. was enhanced by increasing (RC) in mixtures. It found that sand with addition more noticeable higher stresses.